Introductory Concepts Related to Group and Family Therapy Quizlet

Family therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on the relationships amidst family members, regarding the family equally a whole every bit the "patient" or "client." Information technology also regards the family unit equally more than just the sum of the individual members, using models based on systems arroyo, such equally used in cybernetics or game theory. The goal of family therapy is to return the family every bit a whole to wellness, such that each family unit fellow member is emotionally connected to the family unit and is embraced every bit a fully functioning member while at the same fourth dimension is differentiated as an private, able to pursue and achieve personal goals.

Contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 History
  • two.1 Murray Bowen
  • 2.2 Gregory Bateson
  • 2.3 Salvadore Minuchin
• 3 Methodology
• 4 Qualifications
• 5 Cultural considerations
• 6 Notes
• seven References
• 8 External links
• 9 Credits

Family therapy emerged from and made a decisive suspension from the dominant Freudian tradition centered on the dyadic relationship between patient and doctor, in which psychopathology was idea to exist within the individual. In the new agreement, the human relationship of every member in the family is an of import influence on the health of the unabridged system, which then influences the health of each member. This approach recognizes that human beings are essentially social beings, that relationships with others are key to our psychological wellness, and that the core foundation of social relationships is found in the family. However, however, understanding how that core family unit functions in a healthy manner allowing each member to achieve optimal wellness, and how to restore the many dysfunctional families to a land of health, is a tremendous challenge. While family unit therapy has made great advances using understandings from many disciplines, the spiritual aspects of human nature have not even so been included. To achieve healthy families, the spiritual element is also important.

Introduction

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Family therapy is a type of psychotherapy that regards the whole family as the "patient" or "client"

Family therapy, also referred to equally couple and family therapy and family unit systems therapy (and before generally referred to as union therapy), is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view these in terms of the systems of interaction between family members. Information technology emphasizes family relationships as an of import factor in psychological wellness. As such, family unit problems have been seen to arise every bit an emergent holding of systemic interactions, rather than to be blamed on individual members.

Family therapists may focus more on how patterns of interaction maintain the problem rather than trying to identify the cause, as this can be experienced equally blaming by some families. Information technology assumes that the family as a whole is larger than the sum of its parts.

Most practitioners are "eclectic," using techniques from several areas, depending upon the client(s). Family therapy practitioners come from a range of professional backgrounds, and some are specifically qualified or licensed/registered in family therapy (licensing is not required in some jurisdictions and requirements vary from place to place). In the UK, family therapists are usually psychologists, nurses, psychotherapists, social workers, or counselors who accept done farther preparation in family therapy, either a diploma or an M.Sc.

Family unit therapy has been used finer where families, and or individuals in those families experience or endure:

• Serious psychological disorders (such as schizophrenia, addictions, and eating disorders)
• Interactional and transitional crises in a family's life cycle (such as divorce, suicide attempts, dislocation, war, and then forth)
• Equally a support of other psychotherapies and medication

The goal of family unit therapy is to return the family unit as a whole to wellness, such that each family member is emotionally connected to the family and embraced equally a fully functioning fellow member while at the same fourth dimension is differentiated as an individual, able to pursue and achieve personal goals.

History

The origins and development of the field of family unit therapy are to be constitute in the second half of the twentieth century. Prior to the Second World State of war, psychotherapy was based on the Freudian tradition centered on the dyadic relationship betwixt patient and doctor. Pathology was thought to be within the individual. Information technology was non until effectually the 1950s that insights started to come out of piece of work done with families of schizophrenic patients. The change of perspective away from Freudian theory and toward a systems approach has been unfolding since then.

The figures who seem to accept had the most bear on on the family unit field in its infancy were, oddly enough, not so much psychotherapists only scientists such every bit information theorist Claude Shannon, cyberneticist Norbert Wiener, and general systems theorist John von Neuman. I must add together to this listing George Bateson, whose synthesizing genius showed how ideas from such divergent sources could be useful to the understanding of advice processes, including those associated with psychopathology.

Murray Bowen

Interest in the mental affliction of schizophrenia, in the 1950s, prompted financial resource for research from the National Constitute of Mental Health. A new wing was designed at Bethesda, Maryland, and designated for psychiatric inquiry. Murray Bowen was hired at this new inquiry facility from his post at the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas. He was of the stance that the predominant theory in practise, the Freudian theory, was too narrow. "He had an idea that the bones unit of measurement of emotional functioning might not exist the individual, as previously thought, simply the nuclear family."^[1] Based on this, Bowen suggested that a new style of looking at and analyzing the interactions within families was needed. He chosen this method "systems thinking."

Bowen's theory became a catalyst for the paradigm shift taking place in the field of mental wellness and family unit therapy. Some of the underlying assumptions are based on a few pivotal concepts. An case of ane such principle is the "struggle that arises out of the need to strike a balance between two basic urges: The drive towards being an individual—ane alone, autonomous—and the drive towards being together with others in relationship." Bowen's theory focused on the need for the 2 forces to find a point of remainder. The balancing point centers on the part of individuals in families and how to manage their "togetherness." As individuals become more emotionally mature, their ability to find the proper balance in the family unit increases.

Another underlying assumption in Bowen's theory rests on the concept that "individuals vary in their ability to adapt—that is, to cope with the demands of life and to achieve their goals." Information technology is as well important to mention the importance of "triangulation" when considering Bowen'southward theory. Essentially this is based on his assay that "human emotional systems are built on triangles." Essentially this means that whenever two family members have bug in their human relationship, they add a third person to grade a triangle. This triangle is a more than stable arrangement than the pair in conflict.

Gregory Bateson

Gregory Bateson was 1 of the first to innovate the idea that a family might be analogous to a homeostatic or cybernetic system.^[2] Bateson'southward piece of work grew from his interest in systems theory and cybernetics, a science he helped to create as one of the original members of the core grouping of the Macy Conferences.

The arroyo of the early family researchers was analytical and, as such, focused on the patient only. It was thought that the symptoms were the result of an illness or biological malfunction. The people charged with a cure were doctors and the setting for their work was a infirmary. The psychodynamic model of the nineteenth century added trauma from a patient'southward past to the listing of possible causes. To put information technology simply, distress was thought to arise from biological or physiological causes or from repressed memories. Family members and others in the private'southward social circle were not allowed anywhere near, every bit they might "taint" the pureness of the therapy. It was by chance that Bateson and his colleagues came beyond the family'southward role in a schizophrenic patient's illness.

The apply of the two room therapy model introduced a new "window" to encounter through. By watching families interact with the patient in a room separated by a one mode window, it became articulate that patients behaved differently when in the dynamics of their family. The interactions within the family unit created "causal feedback loops that played dorsum and forth, with the behavior of the afflicted person but part of a larger, recursive dance."

In one case this "Pandora'south Box" was open, other researchers began to experiment and find similar outcomes. In the 1960s, many manufactures poured out with examples of successful strategies of working with schizophrenic patients and their family members. The female parent's part was ordinarily considered to play a fundamental role in the breakdown of communication and the underlying controls that were in place.

The concept of "double demark" hypothesis was coined in Bateson'southward famous newspaper, "Toward a Theory of Schizophrenia," published in 1956. "Double bind" describes a context of habitual communication impasses imposed on one another by persons in a relationship organisation. This form of communication depicts a type of control that is given on one level and nullified on another level. It is a paradox that creates abiding confusion and unresolved interpretations. An case is when an irritated mother tells her child to go to bed so they can get enough sleep for school tomorrow when, in fact, she just wants some private infinite or a break from the child. Depending on the level of deceit (often called a white lie) both parties are unable to acknowledge what the other is really maxim or feeling. This is a highly simplified example, but illustrates how usually the "double bind" is used, fifty-fifty in "normal" family life.

The original framework for the "double bind" was a two-person or "dyadic" system. Criticism of the dyadic approach appeared in an essay by Weakland titled, "The Double Bind: Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and Three Party Interaction," in 1960. Further articles in the 1970s, by both Weakland and Bateson, propose that this concept referred to a much broader spectrum than schizophrenias. Bateson began to formulate a systems approach which factored in the relationships of family equally a coalition. He used an analogy from game theory that described repeated patterns plant in families with a schizophrenic member. The pattern that emerged was that "no two persons seemed to be able to get together without a third person taking part."

The game theory Bateson drew from was based on Theory of Games by von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. In this theory, the trend of "winning" personalities is to class coalitions. This rule, still, did not use when the group had three or five members. Bateson found in his research that "no two members always seemed able to become together in a stable alignment" in schizophrenic families.

A game of imperfect data (the dotted line represents ignorance on the role of player two).

The next logical progression from this process was the evolution of consideration of families as a "cybernetic" system. In Strategies of Psychotherapy, Haley agreed with Bateson'south conclusion that schizophrenic families exhibit consistent utilize of "disqualifying letters" or "double bind" communication manner. He added to this the idea that "people in a family act to control the range of one another's beliefs." He based much of his statement for the two levels of disconnected communication and demand to control on Russell's "theory of logical types."

Salvadore Minuchin

Salvadore Minuchin published Families and Family Therapy in 1974. His theory is based on "structural family therapy," which is a process that considers the feedback between circumstances and the shift that occurs following the feedback.^[three] In other words, "By changing the relationship between a person and the familiar context in which he functions, i changes his objective feel." The therapist enters into the family unit setting and becomes an agent of modify. The introduction of this new perspective begins a transforming and healing process as each member of the family unit adjusts their world view vis-à-vis the new information.

Minuchin's structural family unit therapy considered this machinery with the addition of also recognizing that the family unit by manifests in the present. He wisely ready out to benchmark a "model of normality," derived from examination of families in different cultures. His goal was to identify salubrious patterns shared by all families without regard of their culture. Minuchin wrote, that in all cultural contexts "the family imprints its members with selfhood." The changes brought about in the Western cultural sphere since the urban industrial revolution has brought forced, rapid alter in the patterns of common family unit interactions. Economic demands have placed both parents out of the home leaving children to be raised at school, day care, or by peers, tv, net, and computer games. "In the confront of all these changes, modernistic man all the same adheres to a set of values." He went on to say that these changes really make the office of the family as a back up even more than vital to electric current society than ever before. When he was writing this volume, the forces of change he was referring to was the women's liberation move and conflicts from the "generation gap." The world has connected to unfold since then, in a way that fifty-fifty Minuchen would not have been able to foresee. Despite this, his piece of work has been and continues to be relevant and important to inform the efforts of practitioners in the field today.

Methodology

Family therapy uses a range of counseling and other techniques including:

• Psychotherapy
• Systems theory
• Communication theory
• Systemic coaching

The basic theory of family therapy is derived mainly from object relations theory, cognitive psychotherapy, systems theory, and narrative approaches. Other important approaches used by family therapists include intergenerational theory (Bowen systems theory, Contextual therapy), EFT (emotionally focused therapy), solution-focused therapy, experiential therapy, and social constructionism.

Family therapy is really a way of thinking, an epistemology rather than nigh how many people sit in the room with the therapist. Family therapists are relational therapists; they are interested in what goes between people rather than in people.

A family therapist unremarkably meets several members of the family at the same time. This has the reward of making differences betwixt the ways family members perceive mutual relations equally well equally interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and the family. These patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at abode, even though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system. Therapy interventions usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the unconscious mind or early childhood trauma of individuals, as a Freudian therapist would exercise.

Depending on circumstances, a therapist may point out to the family interaction patterns that the family might have not noticed; or propose different ways of responding to other family members. These changes in the fashion of responding may then trigger repercussions in the whole arrangement, leading to a more satisfactory systemic land.

Qualifications

Counselors who specialize in the area of family therapy have been called Matrimony, Family, and Child Counselors. Today, they are better known as Union and Family unit Therapists, (MFTs) and piece of work variously in individual exercise, in clinical settings such as hospitals, institutions, or counseling organizations. MFTs are often confused with Clinical Social Workers (CSWs). The primary difference in these two professions is that CSWs focus on social relationships in the community as a whole, while MFTs focus on family unit relationships.

A master's degree is required to piece of work as an MFT. Most commonly, MFTs volition commencement earn a B.S. or B.A. degree in psychology, and then spend ii to 3 years completing a programme in specific areas of psychology relevant to marriage and family unit therapy. Later graduation, prospective MFTs piece of work as interns. Requirements vary, but in nearly states in the U.Due south., about 3000 hours of supervised work equally an intern are needed to sit down for a licensing exam. MFTs must be licensed by the state to exercise. Only subsequently completing their pedagogy and internship and passing the state licensing exam can they telephone call themselves MFTs and work unsupervised.

There take been concerns raised within the profession nearly the fact that specialist preparation in couples therapy—as singled-out from family therapy in general—is not required to proceeds a license as an MFT or membership of the main professional body (American Association of Matrimony and Family Therapy (AAMFT).^[4]

Since issues of interpersonal disharmonize, values, and ethics are frequently more pronounced in relationship therapy than in individual therapy, there has been argue within the profession about the values implicit in the various theoretical models of therapy and the role of the therapist's ain values in the therapeutic process, and how prospective clients should best go nigh finding a therapist whose values and objectives are most consistent with their own.^[5] Specific issues that have emerged have included an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic neutrality, a concern with questions of justice and cocky-decision,^[6] connection and independence,^[7] "functioning" versus "authenticity," and questions about the degree of the therapist's "pro-marriage/family unit" versus "pro-private" commitment.^[8]

Cultural considerations

The basics of family systems theory were designed primarily with the "typical American nuclear family" in mind. There has been growing interest in how family unit therapy theories interpret to other cultures. Research on the absorption process of new immigrants into the United States has informed research on family unit relationships and family unit therapy. Focus has been turned toward the largest population of immigrants, coming into the U.s.a. from Mexico and Central America. Asian and specifically Chinese immigrants as well have received meaning attending.

Parenting fashion differences betwixt Mexican-descent (Md) and Caucasian-non-Hispanic (CNH) families take been observed, with parenting styles of the female parent and father figures also exhibiting differences.^[9]

Within Mexican American household, sisters and brothers are a prominent office of family life. According to U.Due south. census information, Mexican American families have more than children than their not-Latino counterparts. There is a strong accent on family loyalty, support, and interdependence that is translated equally "familismo" or familism. "Gender norms in Mexican American families may mean that familism values are expressed differently by girls versus boys. Familism is a multidimensional construct that includes feelings of obligation, respect and back up."^[ten] Girls usually express their role past spending time with the family. Boys, on the other hand, seek out achievements outside of the home.

At the University of Tokyo, an article on family unit therapy in Nihon was translated for the American Psychologist, in January 2001. The abstruse begins by explaining that family unit therapy has developed since the 1980s. The authors wrote, "we briefly trace the origins of these (family psychology and family therapy) movements. Then, we explain how these fields were activated past the agonizing problem of school refusal."^[11] School refusal is a term used in the Japanese society to depict children that stay home from school with the parent'southward knowledge. It implies something different from school phobia or truancy. The number of these children has been increasing each year. Parents, when surveyed, often cited the Japanese methodology of standardizing beliefs and producing "skilful boys and girls." The expectations and pressures for children's success are extremely high. The mothers are largely stay-at-home and given the responsibility of ensuring the child becomes successful. In many cases, the mother does not accept the tools to fully accomplish this.

This report concludes with a plan to develop a wide range of supportive programs and services to empower the family using models adult in the The states. Furthermore, fathers are encouraged to play a bigger role in the family and Japanese companies are being asked to promote training on the chore.

Notes

1. ↑ Roberta M. Gilbert, Extraordinary Relationships: A New Way of Thinking About Human Interactions (New York: Wiley and Sons, 1992, ISBN 047134690x).
2. ↑ L. Hoffman, Foundations of Family unit Therapy (Basic Books, 1981).
3. ↑ Salvador Minuchin, Families and Family Therapy (Harvard University Press, 1974, ISBN 0674292367).
4. ↑ W. Doherty, Bad Couples Therapy and How to Avoid Doing It Psychotherapy Networker, 26(2002): 26-33. Retrieved Apr 23, 2018.
5. ↑ J. Wall, T. Needham, D.Southward. Browning, and Southward. James, The Ethics of Relationality: The Moral Views of Therapists Engaged in Marital and Family Therapy, Family Relations, 48, 2(1999): 139-149. Retrieved Apr 23, 2018.
6. ↑ Richard Melito, Values in the role of the family therapist: Self determination and justice, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(1) (2003): 3-11. Retrieved Apr 23, 2018.
7. ↑ Blaine J. Fowers and Frank C. Richardson, Individualism, Family Ideology and Family Therapy, Theory & Psychology, six, 1(1996): 121-151. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
8. ↑ Sharon Jayson, Hearts divide over marital therapy. Usa Today, June 21, 2005. Retrieved Apr 23, 2018.
9. ↑ R. Varela, et al, "Parenting manner of Mexican, Mexican-American, and Caucasian-not-Hispanic families: Social context and cultural influences," Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 4(2004): 657.
10. ↑ K. Updegraff, "Boyish sibling relationships in Mexican American Families: Exploring the Role of Familism," Journal of Family unit Psychology, 19, iv (2005).
11. ↑ Kameguchi, "Family psychology and family therapy in Japan," American Psychologist, 56.1, (2001): 65.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. ISBN 0345024796.
• Gilbert, Roberta M. Boggling Relationships: A New Fashion of Thinking Near Human Interactions. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1992. ISBN 047134690X.
• Hoffman, Lynn. Foundations of Family Therapy: A Conceptual Framework for Systems Change. New York: Basic Books, 1981. ISBN 046502498X.
• Minuchin, Salvador. Families and Family unit Therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Printing, 1974. ISBN 0674292367.

External links

All links retrieved Apr 23, 2018.

• American Association for Wedlock and Family Therapy.
• American Family Therapy Academy.
• Association for Family unit Therapy and Systemic Do in the UK.
• Bowen Center for Study of the Family unit.
• California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists.

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